History and Analysis of city Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History and Analysis of city - Assignment Example Situated at north scope of 39 degrees 56’ and east longtitude of 116 degrees 20’, Beijing amazingly resting along the north most piece of the north China plain; alongside the northwest is the Shanxi area and internal Mongolian plain, and from the east is the Bohai ocean. Among the local territories are the Hebei region and Tianjin toward the southeast. Beijing as being considered as one of the three super urban communities of China under the immediate locale of the focal government is separated into 10 areas and 8 individual regions. The individuals of Beijing are getting a charge out of the moderate mainland atmosphere. 600 to 700 millimeters is the normal precipitation Beijing gets yearly and a lot of it falls in late June, July, and August. Spring is dry and dusty and the best season being considered in Beijing, just as in the entire of China is the pre-winter. Beijing fills in as the political and social focal point of the cutting edge China. It was the considered a s the capital of numerous lines during the past, antiquated occasions. Everything in this spot beautiful the emanation of the previous history, fights, birthplaces and the sensations present in this spot will lead urge anybody to feel the profound regard for the city that keeps stories dated down to its cause. Taihang Mountains Beijing professed to be a bay by the history specialists and geologist a few million years back. The geological dispersion of Beijing is critical to be called â€Å"Beijing Gulf†. Beijing is encased by Taihang Mountains situated at the west and Yanshan toward the north, toward the east is the Bohai Bay and before the Hebei plain toward the south. As indicated by geologist and history specialists, the softening of ice and snow during spring conveyed colossal measure of mud from the mountains to the bay. This was changed to be alluvial plain and is presently known to be Beijing. Mountains that encompass Beijing fills in as the security spread from the no rthern solid breezes. From the east part blew the wet air, enormous plain extended far toward the southland and wide protracted waterways and streams are a portion of the highlights that this spot is caused appropriate condition for human to live to and settle down. Occupants of this spot are likewise honored with calm atmosphere and copious precipitation that suits to horticultural exercises. History of Beijing Peking Man Anthropologist’s guarantee that confirmations shows appearances that the greater part a million years prior, in the southwest rural areas carried on a Peking man. Atmosphere condition during that time was hotter and contrasted with the current atmosphere of Beijing. Relics of the Peking man was found just as the stone devices, how the fire was utilized something like the devices being utilized path back 18000 prior. It is considered as the most punctual social relics China have recorded in the history. The genuine importance of the city’s birthplace, following back 2,000 years prior, began in the time of the Western Zou Dynasty dated eleventh century BC to 771 BC. The primitive masters during this time were given by the sovereign plots of land in which one of the plot given was called â€Å"Ji City†. This is considered as the principal city in Beijing history. During the Eastern Zhou Period dated 476 BC to 221 BC, the Ji realm was annulled and supplant by â€Å"Yan Kingdom† yet JI stays as the capital during that time. At the point when china was bound together by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, Beijing has been considered as a key spot in China’s northern part. Beijing was called â€Å"

Est1 Task 2

Welcome to Shine Sun Tan! We are eager to such an extent that you have settled on the choice to join our group! We have the most brilliant stars in the business and are so glad you have decided to sparkle with us! Here at Shine Sun Tan we are devoted to our customers as well as our representatives. We endeavor to give our representatives a positive, wonderful, and fun work air. We accept in the event that our workers are upbeat and dealt with, at that point they will do likewise for our customers. With the end goal for us to remain the best in the business we should follow a couple of rules and methods set by Shine Sun Tan.Please pause for a minute to peruse our Ethics Program as this will be information you will use regularly here at Shine! A. Guidelines and Procedures Code of Ethics: The standards of the Shine Sun Tan Code of Ethics are communicated in an expansive way as a manual for moral dynamic. 1. Appearance: We will consistently show up grinding away in our appropriate unifor m (Shine Sun Tan shirt and pants or shorts) and be prepared to work. Your pants or shorts ought not have gaps, and shorts should go to the tip of your fingers long. We will show up to work set up and clean. 2.Respect: We will consistently give the most significant level of regard to customers and collaborators. 3. Reliable: We will consistently be trustworthy, legitimate, and have constantly a â€Å"due the privilege thing† outlook. 4. Dependable: We will consistently remember this is a business and we should make the right decision for the business and its customers. This incorporates however isn't restricted to going to every booked move, being on schedule for movements, and working while on the clock. 5. Reasonableness: We will consistently treat all colleagues and customers similarly without respects to age, sex, race, religion, country birthplace, and sexual inclination. 6.Citizenship: We will consistently show great character just as an uplifting demeanor. 7. Mindful: W e will consistently show a mindful nature with regards to collaborators and customers. All representatives must follow these standards consistently. In the event that the need emerges to report an infringement of Shine Sun Tan’s standards please let your head supervisor, area director, or Alisha Johnson, our morals official know right away. Your head supervisor and locale manager’s contact data will be consistently be accessible in your administrator office and in your store break room. Our morals official might be reached at [emailâ protected] om or 789-456-0123. You may likewise call our Ethics Hotline namelessly which is accessible 24 hours every day, 7 days per week at 888-123-4567. On the off chance that any representative is seen as damaging our standards, after a full examination (when vital) the outcomes will bring about a verbal notice, a composed admonition, a guiding, or conceivable end. B. Preparing Shine Sun Tan will hold quarterly instructional courses. The instructional meetings will be held the last Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday of the month for the long stretches of March, June, September, and December.Everyone who is right now utilized with Shine Sun Tan at the hour of each instructional meeting will be required to go to one meeting. Every worker will be allocated to either the Wednesday, Thursday, or Friday instructional course. Sparkle Sun Tan’s instructional meetings are led by Alisha Johnson whom is our morals official. Each instructional meeting will be an entire 8 hour work day and will incorporate a provided food lunch. The preparation material will be conveyed by PowerPoint slide shows described by Alisha Johnson just as visitor speakers.Each preparing will cover different various points, anyway we will consistently go over our 3 most significant themes applicable to our business. 1. New and changing tanning laws and guidelines 2. Working environment Safety 3. Tips on the freshest approaches to select new indiv iduals and offer items notwithstanding these 3 most significant points, we will by and large likewise spread new items, proposals for tanning wellbeing, tanning bed news, and an assortment of different themes. Be that as it may, we will likewise consistently be open for conversation so please continually bring your inquiries for our Q&A for the most recent hour of each preparation session.We anticipate seeing you! C. Representative Misconduct 1. Representatives will be relied upon to act in an expert way consistently. Albeit, here at Shine Sun Tan we advance a great work air, we should consistently recollect that our customers and work obligations should consistently be dealt with first and in an expert way. You are the primary line of safeguard in estimating your own direct and keeping any unfortunate behavior from occurring. On the off chance that the protection towards offense begins inside you, and you are making the best choice and acting expertly then we overall ought to h ave the option to stay away from wrong doings or misconduct.Your senior supervisor, partner chief, and even individual collaborators will likewise be observing your direct, so ensure you are continually making the best choice. Making the best choice comprise of yet isn't constrained to working when on the clock, giving customers honest data about bundles and items, selling customers bundles and items that are best for them (not what is best for your bonus), adhering to tanning laws and guidelines, and continually following Shine Sun Tan’s Ethics Code. Not adhering to these standards set out by Shine Sun Tan will be viewed as representative unfortunate behavior and could bring about genuine results. . To guarantee that all workers are continually making the best choice and have great lead Shine Sun Tan will take an interest in a Secret Shopper Program. This program has been set up to review and screen our stores and workers all the time. Corporate representatives from our Secr et Shopper Team will consistently visit our salons. These mystery customers will arrive in at least two times every week on a week by week premise to pursue new tanning bundles, tan, purchase items, pose inquiries, and now and again go about as agitated, rowdy clients.You will never know who our mystery customers are, as we will have various ones and they will consistently go about as a typical client. This Secret Shopper Program has been set up so that not exclusively can administrators, colleague directors, and individual representative screen worker lead yet so can corporate representatives. By having this Secret Shopper Program set up we feel that it will urge our workers to consistently be behaving as well as possible and consistently make the best decision in each circumstance. 3. If worker wrongdoing is seen as occurring you should report it to an administrator immediately.The supervisor will at that point have you round out a report about what you saw. This report will be ke pt unknown and will be gone in to the corporate office for additional examination. In the event that you don't feel good heading off to a supervisor or a chief isn't accessible, you may report unfortunate behavior to your area administrator or our Ethics official. On the off chance that you wish to remain totally unknown or feel progressively good announcing by phone you may do this too. You can call our Ethics Hotline 24 hours every day, 7 days per week at 888-123-4567. D. Assess and ImproveShine Sun Tan is continually searching for approaches to assess and improve our strategic policies and methodology. This even incorporates assessing the adequacy of our Ethics Program. We will have four strategies set up to assist us with assessing our program. 1. We will furnish customers with review cards for each visit which they have the choice to round out. These cards will request that our customers rate our salon staff on a size of 1-10 on their appearance (are the in uniform and adequate ), level of regard, dependability, obligation, reasonableness, citizenship, and caring nature. 2.Our Secret Shopper Team will likewise finish overview cards for every one of their visits. These overviews won't just incorporate equivalent to the client studies however they will likewise incorporate a progressively point by point understanding about their time spent at the salon and about the individual or people they managed each time. 3. Your chief or direct boss will finish month to month surveys on your presentation. These exhibition surveys will to a great extent incorporate your moral comprehension of Shine Sun Tan morals program and how you show your insight and comprehension of it in your day by day work. . Worker question and recommendation box. Proposals and questions will be mulled over and will be tended to at our month to month Ethics meeting. On the most recent day of every month after these assessments are finished for that month we will gather the studies, questions, a nd proposals. The board will at that point accumulate a rundown of what we are progressing nicely, what enhancements are required, and what recommendations and questions should be addressed.We will at that point hold a supervisors meeting on the primary Wednesday of consistently with the goal that we can set up approaches to improve our program and how to actualize the upgrades. Every director will at that point hold store gatherings with their representatives the following day to talk about responses to questions and let their workers realize what changes and enhancements will be made. Much obliged to you such a great amount for perusing Shine Sun Tan’s Ethics Program. By and by, we are eager to the point that you have settled on the decision to join our group and we anticipate being a piece of your excursion here at Shine Sun Tan! We anticipate seeing you Shine!

How to Manage Claustrophobia During Medical Procedures

How to Manage Claustrophobia During Medical Procedures Phobias Types Print Managing Claustrophobia During Medical Procedures By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 24, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on January 24, 2020 Dana Neely/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment If you suffer from claustrophobia or the fear of enclosed spaces, you may be afraid to undergo some important medical tests, such as a CT scan or an  MRI. For this reason, claustrophobia can actually be dangerous. A wide variety of medical tests and procedures may trigger claustrophobia.?? Rather than avoid these tests and put your health at risk, you need to learn how to successfully manage your fear. Claustrophobia Is Different For Everyone Like any other phobia, claustrophobia may be mild or severe.?? Some people are afraid only of extremely tight enclosures, while others become uncomfortable in crowded rooms or in roller coaster restraints. In extreme cases, sufferers may be unable to completely close a bathroom or kitchen door. Why Medical Procedures Trigger  Claustrophobia Many medical procedures require that you stay extremely still. Actual or simulated restraints may be used to keep you still and the treatment site sterile. Plus, certain procedures - such as CT scans - involve sliding into a hollow tube on a gently moving table. For many claustrophobia sufferers,  MRIs cause the most fear.?? The procedure requires that you lay virtually immobile in a tight, loud chamber for up to an hour. A typical MRI chamber is much bigger and more imposing than a CT tube, and the typical scan time is a lot longer, too. Managing Your  Claustrophobia   Despite your fear of a CT scan or an MRI, medical procedures are an important part of life. Its extremely dangerous to neglect your health due to a phobia. You may need professional assistance to manage your claustrophobia if its keeping you from getting medical tests. If your fear is mild to moderate, there are several steps you can take to prepare yourself for any medical procedure.?? Tell your primary care doctor about your phobia. He or she can help you prepare by explaining an upcoming procedure in detail and letting you know what to expect.Ask to see the equipment in advance.  For many people, just seeing the machine and how it operates can help to reduce anticipatory anxiety. You may even be permitted to lie on the table or watch a technician turn on the equipment.Inquire about distractions.  Some facilities now provide music, soothing images or even movies for patients undergoing anxiety-producing tests. A few even go so far as to recreate a peaceful beach scene or another pleasant environment within the testing room.Ask about chemical sedation.  Some doctors prescribe mild tranquilizers for certain patients undergoing these procedures. Of course, this will depend on your personal health history and the requirements of the particular procedure. Many doctors will not provide anything stronger, such as general anesthesia, although this opinion may vary through the medical community.Discuss alternatives.  Some facilities now offer Open MRIs, which eliminate the closed chamber. Youll still be enclosed, but youll have access to fresh air and light. If your fear is not severe, this type of MRI may be tolerable. In addition, alternative types of imaging procedures may be acceptable for some conditions. Discuss the risks and benefits of possible alternatives with your physician. Claustrophobia responds extremely well to treatment and management procedures. If your claustrophobia is impacting your life, its important to seek the advice of a qualified mental health professional.?? With some effort, you can successfully overcome claustrophobia and get the CT scans, MRIs and other medical tests you need. Ways to Address Your Fear of Small Spaces

Global Environmental Issues Of The World - 1605 Words

There are more than 7 billion people on Earth and counting presently, and roughly one in eight of us does not have enough to eat. The question â€Å"how many people the Earth can contain and sustain† is a long-standing one that becomes more intense as the world s population—and our use of natural resources—keeps booming(1). It should be noted that there are 7 continents (Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Europe, Australia and Antarctica) and 196 countries without including sub-nations and unoccupied islands in the world. This is not shocking to people as the world dynamics cannot be completely studied as population trends change from time to time due periodic occurrences. Population debates like this are why, in 2011, National Geographic published a series called 7 Billion on world population, its trends, implications, and future. After years of examining global environmental issues such as climate change, energy, food supply, and freshwater, we thought the time was ripe for a deep discussion of people and how we are related to all these other issues—issues that are getting increased attention today, amid the new population projections(1). Recent researches show that the world population took billions of years to reach 7 billion and between 200 years rapidly increased 5 percent and increased to 7.4 billion(2).(2) In a famous 1798 essay, the Reverend Thomas Malthus proposed that human population would grow more rapidly than our ability to grow food, and thatShow MoreRelatedGlobal Environmental Issues Of The World1540 Words   |  7 Pageshow many people the Earth can support is a long-standing one that becomes more intense as the world s population—and our use of natural resources—keeps booming(1). It should be noted that there are 7 continents (Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Europe, Australia and Antarctica) and 196 countries without including sub-nations and islands in the world. This is not sho cking to people as the world dynamics cannot be completely studied as population trends change from time to time due periodicRead MoreGlobal Warming Is The Most Important Environmental Issue That The World Faces Today Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of global warming as a result of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is arguably the most important environmental issue that the world faces today. CO2 has always been in the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas keeping the global atmospheric temperature at life sustainable levels by preventing the infra-red radiation to leave the atmosphere (CO2 Capture and storage, 2016). However due to human interference and the burning of fossil fuels (as shown by the following equation), the rate atRead MoreGlobalization and Environmental Change1812 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Globalization and Environmental Change Introduction Globalization, described as the expansion, intensification and acceleration of global interconnectedness, is one of the intense phenomena that the contemporary era has experienced. It has influenced the monetary, ecological, and societal characteristics of all the nations of the world. Due to both positive and negative consequences on the life of the citizens the world over, globalization is one of the most talked about issue of this century (JavedRead MoreGlobal Climate Change, Sustainable Development1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global Environmental Movement is one of the many (NGO’s) addressing international issues, mostly in developing countries, gathering and analyze technical information. Environmental issues have become a significant problem over the years, which raised concerns at the global and international levels, which provoke movements for environmental protection at the international level. From the early 1960s forward, concern about the global scopes of enviro nmental harm and the movement for internationalRead MoreThe State Based Westphalian System Of Governance1468 Words   |  6 Pageswhich Keohane and Nye describe as â€Å"a state of the world involving networks of interdependence at multicontinental distances† (75), many of the world’s major concerns have moved beyond the level of individual states. This interdependence has affected economic, military, environmental, as well as social and cultural aspects of international relations and everyday life. These overlapping processes of globalization have allowed for a great deal of global progress, but progress is impossible to achieveRead MoreEnvironmental Issue Of Environmental Issues1746 Words   |  7 Pages1015 4/18/15 Environmental Issues One of the greatest things which is being talked about presently is the growing concerns of scientists, environmentalists, and people of this planet when it comes to environmental issues. Environmental issues is something that is discussed frequently in the news, in politics, and in classrooms around the world. More and more we are becoming informed and aware of the current and ever facing environmental crises that are taking place around the world today. Some scientistsRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Impact On The Environment952 Words   |  4 Pagesexpectancy becomes longer, the global environment is being negatively impacted by various human and natural activities that are detrimental to the environment. Unfortunately there are many global environmental issues that need the attention of world leaders today, and have become undisputed environmental issues in today’s society. However, the most important public health, environmental issue I would like to address in my discus sion is global warming. Furthermore, global warming influences a great amountRead MoreThe Environmental Problem Of Global Warming Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pages Global warming Name: Institution: Course: Date: Global warming The main environmental problem facing the world today is global warming. Many scientists believe that production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases has a heating effect on the atmosphere, and this could be very dangerous for human life. This essay will examine the problem of global warming and suggest some ways of solving the problem. Numerous issues could come about because of global warming. One of the problemsRead MoreThe Report Will State The Facts And Issue About Global Warming1491 Words   |  6 Pages3.Introduction The report will state the facts and issue about global warming all over the world. The report will focus on the impact of global warming and consider what actions can be taken by Greenpeace to fight global warming. Global warming, which will trigger hurricanes and tropical storms, has a negative effect on human beings  and wildlife. According to the report, thanks to global warming, a million species have already become extinct and approximately 150,000 people will die by the end ofRead MoreEnvironmental Sustainability And Environmental Management Strategies Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe centuries there has been countless researches into environmental issues that pose threat to the population, but remains unresolved due to the increasing global population. It can be argued that certain environmental management strategies have been adopted to minimise the environmental risk on the population growth which possibly could become a threat to the global village. Although, there are strategies to manage the environmental issues, a sector-wide approach is required from developed and

Code of Ethics in Trans World Entertainment Corporation Essay

The Trans World Entertainment Corporations is the code of ethics that I will be critiquing. A business code of ethics is a collection of their principles and procedures that they aim to live by. Their policy statement refers to maintaining honor, openness and preserving the spirit and upholding the letter of the law. William H. Swanson, Chairman and CEO of Raytheon Company said â€Å"Code of Conduct is the foundation of our Company’s commitment to the highest ethical standards† (Swanson, W., 2008). A few of the key components focus on personal interest and the companies interest to avoid conflicts regarding the interest of the company; avoid candidate kickbacks; maintaining accepted accounting principles; maintain a good reputation and avoid†¦show more content†¦The confidentiality and concerns of the company are addressed in a clear and concise manner. What the company expects or restricts is clearly defined in the work relationship, personal fees and commi ssions, service with outside organizations and conduct with competitors. Securities and investment are allowed to invest in company stock and their view on insider trading, violations and the response to outside requests for information concerning the companies’ finances. Trans World expects their employees to take care of the corporations assets without misuse or removal of such asset unless authorized. The company’s code of ethics required the employees to obey all safety laws, health and environment regulations. To conduct themselves in the community with good citizenship with in the corporate surroundings. Appropriate accounting was established for internal controls and record keeping to meet both legal and business requirements. Employees are expected to follow the policies and controls set by the accounting principles. Trans World is an equal employment company that emphasized on prohibiting discrimination and harassment under federal and state laws. Trans World Entertainment Corporation has a code of ethics that discusses their commitment to integrity, honesty and being trustworthy. The values to respect your fellow employeeShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics and Global Economy10535 Words   |  43 PagesCHAPTER OBJECTIVES ââ€"† CHAPTER 10 Business Ethics in a Global Economy CHAPTER OUTLINE Ethical Perceptions and International Business Culture as a Factor in Business Adapting Ethical Systems to a Global Framework Global Values The Multinational Corporation Sexual and Racial Discrimination Human Rights Price Discrimination Bribery Harmful Products Pollution and the Natural Environment Telecommunications Issues Intellectual-Property Protection World Trade Organization To understand the roleRead MoreEthical Companies12021 Words   |  49 PagesEthisphere Institute, a leading international think-tank dedicated to the creation, advancement and sharing of best practices in business ethics, corporate social responsibility, anti-corruption and sustainability, announced the official unveiling of the 2011 World’s Most Ethical Companies. 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Appendix G Free Essays

Associate Program Material Appendix G Wireless LAN Vulnerabilities Matrix Complete the following matrix by filling in the blank boxes in the table. Security protection Brief description Vulnerabilities Prevention (if any) MAC address filtering Only allows access to a device if its MAC address matches that of a pre-approved list on the router. MAC Spoofing Don’t rely on MAC filtering alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Appendix G or any similar topic only for you Order Now Open system authentication (SSID beaconing) Disables SSID from being broadcast so wireless networks are harder to detect. A spectrum analyzer can still be used to find the network name. Create a more complex SSID and password settings in your AP WEP Stands for Wired Equivalency Privacy. Uses 64 bit or 128 bit encryption. (including 24-bit IV) In larger networks, IV’s can be duplicated and cause collisions, which are easy to detect by outside influences Use WPA2 with AES or similar instead on larger, enterprise deployments. Of the six categories of attackers, the one I would most want to break into my network would be hackers, as they attempt to penetrate your network and expose vulnerabilities, then inform you of them. This is opposed to a cracker, which will do the same thing, only steal the data and attempt to sell it. A script kiddie is very dangerous, as they are generally under-experienced hackers and crackers who use someone else’s codes and almost always have malicious intent. Between MAC filtering, WEP, and authentication, I believe that WEP is the most secure of the three. MAC filtering can be easily overcome by MAC spoofing, and is not part of the 802.11 standard. Authentication is somewhat weaker than WEP, as someone could capture the cleartext challenge phrase and the encrypted response frame and gain access to the network. WEP is the strongest of the 3, but is still weak due to IV collisions which can be monitored and the hacker can recover the security key during those collisions. In fact, hackers can even cause massive IV collisions to speed up the process. It should be noted this is really only an issue on larger wireless networks as there are approximately 16 million IV’s that can be handed out. But in an enterprise application, 16 million can happen in a matter of hours or days. How to cite Appendix G, Papers

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Introduction The interest in the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), or better known as drones, has increased in the defense industry, particularly in military, where they are primarily designed for carrying various military operations. UAVs offer a more efficient and less risky way of carrying military operations when compared to the typical manned aircrafts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Department of Defense of the United States of America defined an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle as a powered aerial vehicle sustained in flight by aerodynamic lift over most of its flight path and guided without an onboard crew. The UAVs are operated by remote control devices in which the pilots and/or controllers are stationed on a ground, mainly in a military base. According to the arms control treaties, UAVs include aerodynamic drones and remotely controlled vehicles but excludes ballistic and semi-ballistic vehicles, artillery and cruise missiles that are viewed as nuclear delivery systems. Purpose Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance forms the core aspect of the use of UAVs due to its ability to endure longer loiter time, flexibility on positioning targets and the difficulty for opponents to detect the UAVs. The long endurance ability of the UAVs plays a vital role in surveillance. This increase the efficiency of the UAVs in intelligence gathering when compared to the manned platforms. According to Roland and R. John (2005), the roles of UAVs tend to vary depending on the sector and difficulty level of the military operations. They notes that there are two sectors of military operations. These are civilian and commercial sector. The UAVs employed in the civilian sector tend to focus on the aerial traffic monitoring, weather forecasting, communication relay, border management, maritime patrol, crime prevention, and various en vironmental monitoring such as bush fire. On the other hand, the commercial purposes of UAV include tasks such as agricultural and fisheries management, freight of goods, pipeline monitoring, and aerial photography. Advertising Looking for essay on air transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1.0 Attractive UAV Applications. Source: http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/34912/Weibel%20-%20ICAT%20Report%20-%20UAV%20Safety.pdf. The UAVs are also are employed in critical areas where minimal contact with friendly forces exists. With manned aircrafts, operating in an unfriendly territory increases the chances of fatal disasters. This introduces for creating highly advanced drones equipped with onboard cameras used to observe and relay various targets from the ground to the control room with high level of accuracy. This enables the control base stations to assess the targets and mitigate any damage that may occur in the course of operations. Figure 1.2 With the advancement in technology, the UAVs involvement in civil duties increases as the safety level for civilian use is ensured, as shown in Figure 1.2. The cost of running military operations is also reduced as most of the operations become automated while the need for technical support, for example, has been omitted. With all these in mind, UAV allows greater flexibility over flight control while enhancing its performance through enabling a series of military applications with improved signal and data processing, enhanced remote communication, and integrated avionics that serve UAV as a necessary option to air force. Small Picture Ethics Unmanned aerial vehicles require code of ethics in their operation. Specifically, people need to rate the popularity of the aircraft with reference to the accrued benefits they offer citizens and the nation as a whole. In this description, the author will use the Australian Computer Society code of ethics in explaining the ethics in relation to unmanned aerial vehicle.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Australian computer society is an association that includes professionals from information and communication technology department. The objective of the code of ethics is to make advancement in excellence for information and technology. Their other objective is to help in developing the resources of information and communication technology of the Australian nationalities. The code of ethics came into existence in the year 1966 from five state societies. The core and values of the code of ethics include priorities, competence, honesty, social implications, professional development and information technology profession (ACS foundation , 2012). The first value talks of priority. Under this value, an Australian must give the interest of his or her community a firs t place above the personal or sectional interest. The interest to give priority is the continuity of services of information technology and communication for the sake of safety. Unmanned aerial vehicle embraces this value through the advanced communication system through the remote sensing mechanism. Unmanned aerial vehicle has different remote sensing function, which include the electromagnetic spectrum, biological, gamma ray, and chemical sensors. All these sensors are very useful in the communication process. Likewise, they use high technology in delivering their communication signals. Accrediting the technological information used by the aircrafts attributes to the Australian code of ethics. The second value entails competence. Under this value, an Australian must work competently and diligently for others. This relates to the services that the aircraft provides for the Australian citizens. Unmanned aerial vehicle has a number of benefits that positively affect the lives of the Australian citizens. The most important benefit the aircraft gives is surveillance. Unmanned aerial vehicle has surveillance ability for livestock monitoring, mapping of the wildlife, provision of home and pipeline security, anti- piracy and road patrol. The competitive nature of the commercial, aerial surveillance gives the aircraft a wide range of benefits to the nation. The services the aircraft gives to the community bears weight that needs credit. The third value is honesty. Under this value, an Australian must embrace honesty as a moral in the presentation of skills and services. This relates to the services that the citizen will give to the nation. Likewise, one can examine the services provided by the unmanned aerial vehicle in terms of this value.Advertising Looking for essay on air transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Use of remote sensing gives accurate information to the militaries concerning the visual spectrum, detection of airborne presence and analysis of air concentration. Giving out correct information concerning the situation of the environment embraces the value of honesty (Brown, 1993). The fourth value is social implications. Under this value, an Australian has the work of striving hard with the intention of improving the quality of life of others affected by the field of work. People will always work with the goal of positively reaching out to the lives of other people. Likewise, unmanned aerial vehicle works with the intention of enhancing the quality of life of those affected by the work it provides. The aircraft main purpose is for defense and the military people use the machine to detect danger prior attacking a place. The service that the aircraft provides positively enhances the quality of life of the military. The fifth value is professional development. Under this value, an A ustralian has the mandate of striving with the aim of enhancing his or her own professional development and that of others. This will depend on self-confidence. Giving out a beneficial service will mean exploring the professionalism within an expert. The result will be a benefit to the third parties. Unmanned aerial vehicle works in a similar manner. Their function of scientific research enables the aircraft develops resistance through development using new technology. Likewise, the scientist gains the knowledge from the researched activity. The ability of the aircraft to penetrate through dangerous areas gives the scientist a knowhow on the undiscovered things. The last value is information technology profession. Under this value, the Australians have the authority to enhance the integrity of information technology profession with respect to their members. Individual do not work alone, but have to seek the assistance of other professionals. Unmanned aerial vehicle works with the sa me spirit. Considering that it lacks a pilot, the aircrafts depends on the control of a pilot located away from the structure. In this context, the machine has to get assistance from a pilot for it to give accurate information (Cassidy McGrady, 2001). Big Picture Ethics Ethical standpoint is a moral perception that people have on a certain culture. In this context, it represents the moral view that people will have on the unmanned aerial vehicles. People have a different perception regarding the benefits they get from the machine. This may vary with the regions keeping in mind that unmanned aerial vehicles are present in certain regions. Ethical standpoints are very critical in decision-making. They help individuals identify and define issues, while pressuring them to thinking in a systematic way. This means that they will have a chance to view various issues with different perspectives thereby providing a guideline for decision-making. Ethical standpoints exist in different types including ethical relativism, divine command theory, utilitarianism and deontology and virtue ethics. This segment will give the main differences among the five ethical standpoints with a little description of each (Kamm, 2007). Ethical Relativism Ethical relativism is an ethical standpoint, which asserts the non-existence of principles, which are universally valid. In this view, all the moral principles are valid relative to the preferences of different cultures. The society within the defined culture gives out rules, which serve as a standard measure of judgment. The individual within the society will have to respect the rules given by their culture and make use of them in the decision-making process. One advantage of this approach is the tolerance the standpoint brings of other cultures. The rules help in building the societies with the ways they perceive things thus preventing them from falling apart. However, most cultures, which use this ethical standpoint, lack dynamism. This means that their ways of decision-making as per their rules limits their exploration of the current ways, thereby confusing their perception of current deeds with what ought to be done (Kjellberg Ivanhoe, 1996). Devine Command Theory The second ethical standpoint is the divine command theory. Under this standpoint, the moral determinants are dependent on God, who is supreme. The people who follow this approach depend on the laws that God as the standards of decision-making. The act, which will obey the law of God, is right while the act, which disobeys the laws given by God, is wrong. They consider God to be a supreme being who knows it all. The benefit of this stance is the equality it brings to individuals. This means that all the individuals who trust in God will have to use the same approach in decision-making. However, this approach may not give a true, benefit to the individual as people arbitrarily depend on some interpretation that has no true divine authority (Paul, Mille r and Paul, 2008). Utilitarianism The third ethical standpoint is utilitarianism. Under this approach, individuals judge the action right or wrong depending on the consequences of the actions. In this context, the right actions represent those, which give the greatest balance of contentment over discontent. If the actions do not bring happiness, then the individual will not accept the activity. With this concern, individual happiness is equally significant. One benefit of this stance is that promotes the well-being of humans as it attempts to lessen the suffering they may encounter. The happiness encountered after the activity will help in making judgments. However, people have different preferences, and an individual’s good may happen to be another’s evil. This makes it hard to make precise prediction on the consequences; thus making collective judgment hard (Pasztor and Emshwiller, 2012). Deontology The fourth ethical standpoint is deontology. Under this stance, indi vidual emphasize on the moral rules and obligation. This means that judgment will be a collective opinion to the society. For instance, if people are not in agreement with the rule, then the imperative is not morally acceptable. This means that the collective opinion of the people does not permit the rule. Individual using this stance put emphasis on autonomy, justice and other acts that justifies the applicability of the rule. This rule is important as it gives an exceptional moral status for the society who embraces it. The rules, which appear to be applicable, end up being universally accepted. However, these rules do not give a clear definition of living things. Some rules may only benefit individuals at the expense of other living things; that is, the rules appear are abstract. Virtue Ethics The last ethical standpoint people use in making judgment is the virtue ethics. Under this approach, morals are considered internal. This method relies on the thinking capacity of people wi th intelligence capacity. Virtue ethics, as a way of making judgment, pursues the provision of good individuals who perform well out of impulsive goodness. The method gives emphasis on living well while achieving distinction. One advantage of this method is that it internalizes the moral behavior of an individual. A person will make a personal judgment internally to give an opinion of the activity, internally. However, this method does not offer guidance that is useful in resolving ethical dilemmas. This means that the judgment done internally will not be helpful in solving ethical dilemmas. Use of UAV in Relation to the Ethics Making a decision on the best activity is highly dependent on individual perspective and the ethical standpoint of the given culture. This will, give an impact on how the activity is beneficial to both the societal and individual level. Concerning the unmanned aerial vehicles, people have a different perception concerning their benefits to society. Their judg ments will also depend on the perspective of overall opinions, and this specifically depends on the accrual benefits to society. In describing the ethical stance of people, use of unmanned aerial vehicles will be the basement criteria. However, this depends on the approach they will use in making judgments. In this context, the author will discuss the current use of UAV in relation to deontology, relativism and ethical pluralism. Under deontology, individual emphasizes on moral rules and obligations. This means they have to get a general willingness of people for the rule to be permissible. Relating the above to the use of UAV, people will have to be conversant with how beneficial the aircraft is to the society. In making the judgment on this, an analyst will have to get the rating of the people to the new aircraft. This is dependent on different benefits that people consider as universally accepted. The first benefit that has a high rating is the remote sensing ability. The aircraf t has various remote sensing functions like electromagnetic sensors, gamma ray sensors, chemical sensors and biological sensors. Each part has distinct application that is very beneficial to different people. For the people in the defense department, electromagnetic spectrum is viable. This feature is good for detecting dangerous attacks as they contain visual spectrum with a connected radar system. Universal agreement on the use of radar in the defense department gives the aircraft a high rating. Likewise, the machine has biological sensors, which sense the presence of airborne microorganisms among other biological factors. This is very useful to the health of an individual. Similarly, the chemical sensor, which sues the laser spectroscopy in analyzing the concentration of an individual element in the air, helps in determining the safety of people. Considering that air is saturated with different elements, some may be harmful to the health of a person. Thus, by use of UAV, one can know the place to be without any harm. Considering the above advantages, the defense team and the biologists can enter a certain area after considering it safe for humans. The collective opinion of the defense team on the benefit of the aircraft allows the machine to operate, thereby making their judgments on deontology approach. Another way of making judgment relates to relativism approach. This approach, as explained earlier, operates on non-existence universally valid principles, but rather depends on the cultural tastes. In the current decade, technology happens to be a principle that people embrace. The innovations of many things that positively affect the lives of individuals make life easy to operate. This means that, an activity, which will appear to embrace current technology, will be of importance to the society (Shafer-Landau, 2003). With the struggle of many nations renovating their structures with relevance to new technology, UAV came out as a surprise to many nations. The ability of the aircraft in detecting a number of things prior invasions proves beneficial to the society, specifically the military department. The technology of using remote sensing in many activities guarantees the safety of people. The aircraft also, uses the latest technology of operation, that is, the pilot will not accompany the aircraft, but rather will use a remote control to navigate the aircraft. The main idea is to make a prior visit to ensure knowledge on the place prior attack. Likewise, the aircraft has the ability of searching and rescuing people without people personally going to the place. The technology used in making the aircraft predominantly assists the military people in their operations. For a country, which embraces technology, unmanned aerial vehicle is the best for their defense. As noted earlier, most nations currently embrace technology in everything they perform, and developed countries like China, America among others come up with innovations, which assist in various practices. As universally accepted by culture, technology is the way forward to make things easy, and with the innovation of the unmanned aerial vehicle, individuals will make their judgment using relativism approach, basing their decision on technological approach. The last way to make a judgment on unmanned aerial vehicle will be in relation to ethical pluralism. Ethical pluralism is a theory, which asserts that many principles of ethics exist. It is a theory of nature of values which humans follow, making up their moral lives. In this context, humans take the rule as it appears, and have no mandate of reducing the value of the rule. From the onset, most countries with unmanned aerial vehicle normally use the aircraft for fighting (Raz, 2003). This is evident from the structures incorporated to the aircraft, which the military uses for attacks, for instance, the Hellfire missile that the MQ-1 Predator UAV has. United States uses the aircraft for hitting ground t argets. The first use of armed predators was in 2001 during the war of Pakistan and Uzbekistan. Their main aim was to assassinate high profile people in Afghanistan. Additionally, the military used predator based UAV in killing al-Qaeda terrorists in Yemen in the year 2002. From the ethical definition, war is an activity that destabilizes the peace and safety of people within a region. The initiation of war within a community brings negative impacts to the development of the region; thus, people consider it as a bad moral. The notion that it is bad to harm, remains an unchanged rule that has value to the morals of people. This means that the human race will have no mandate of reducing this rule of harming people as a vice to a moral. With this context, any counterattack that assists in the prevention of harm in a community is considered safe. This means that, with the invention of unmanned aerial vehicle, human race have a reason to smile, as they have a guaranteed safety. Thus, wit h the benefit that the aircraft brings to the community, people will take the initiative of judging positively the existence of the aircraft. UAV design and development happens to be a worldwide concern with manufacturers moving across the globe. The first people to initiate this technology were United States and Israel. The main manufacturers of the industry are the Northrop Grumman and General Atomics. Ever since the development of the aircraft, different nation embrace the technology in their military. Nations in Australia also embrace the technology with major manufacturing companies located in different parts. As part of their activity, unmanned aerial vehicles gives intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition support for overland operations. Currently, the Australian army owns two tactical unmanned aerial vehicles (Shah, 2009). Future Use In the management of unmanned aircraft vehicles, nations have to develop unique features with recent technologies. Thi s will enable them have a first hand in attacking their enemies. As a point to consider, the nations have to interconnect with the best technological providers who will give directions on the current technology to use. The future of unmanned aerial vehicles remains to be wide as the expectation of nations is the growth of the industry by 2020. This follows rapid development of military, commercial and civil application of the product. In the same line, the National Airspace System will change distinctly for the next 16 years. The introduction of new technologies and procedures will trigger the change. Among the future changes, include the formation of a system that manages information exchange among users of air traffic management. Likewise, the industry wishes to introduce a 4-D navigation system that will boost the service quality. The industry also needs to come up with alternative separation procedures that will help in improving the services that the aircraft provides (Stahl an d Foreman, 2004). Among other futures that the industry wants to embark on include stratospheric telecommunication airship, high altitude imagery, border patrol, surveillance in maritime, improvement in the environmental sensing among others. In implementing this future development, the industry faces different challenges among being legal, ethical and private challenges. In developing the UAV in a complex unit, Australia among other internationals face legal problem. The main legal problem faced by the nations is the restriction of flight space as under different jurisdictions. Likewise, the flight areas are very small. This limits the unmanned aerial vehicles from entering the restricted areas. The restriction by the state of the region may hinder the operations of the military. Likewise, differences in states, which have a common goal of manufacturing the vehicle, may interfere with the operation of the opponents. This is quite common in jurisdictions, which are under surveillanc e of militia groups. Ethical of developing unmanned aerial vehicles continue to build positively. However, this may give a negative impression of the nation. A nation that specializes on manufacturing weapons remains to be a threat to other nations. Ethically, people may form a negative judgment upon the safety of the nation. Considering that countries in Australia, America among others continue to manufacture the aircraft with intended future development, they pose a threat to their own nation. This, ethically, may present a negative judgment towards the safety of a nation. Likewise, the opponents, who mainly are the terrorist, will continue to develop alternative means of counterattacking them, thereby rendering their technological improvements null and void. Despite the industry facing challenges from the legal and ethical sector, they also have privacy issues. As an industry that manufactures an aircraft used in the military action, the manufacturers should embrace high level of secrecy. The secrecy will have to be their strength in developing unique vehicles with certain features that will be used against their opponents. This may be a future challenge that these industries face, as workers are people one cannot trust. With the personal gain that an individual has, one can sell the secrecy of the company to an opponent thereby realizing the building block of the products. Handling matters with privacy is a big problem that requires attention. Nations should ensure that people working in the industry embrace the privacy of the company at any cost (Waller, 2005). Individual Opinion From a personal point of view, unmanned aerial vehicles are very important aircrafts, especially for the military groups. This represents the level of technology that people are adapting, from manual to automatic. Development in technology gives room for quality production of services and goods with fewer services. Focusing on the technological benefits of the aircrafts, defense department of the United States, Australia, among other nations have guaranteed their citizens safety. Likewise, the military, contrary to former aircraft that was manual, have protection from initial attacks from the opponents. The presence of sensor fusion, which combines information from different sensors, helps in making passing the message to the military on the condition of the opponents. The communication system, which coordinates to other agents in the of imperfect information channel, is exclusively clear. Additionally, the presence of trajectory generation, which determines the optimum control operation in a certain path, is a very important feature in military action. These among other benefits of the aircraft to people are an important factor that nations should embrace. As a nation that needs to guarantee her citizen safety, the government should consider deployment of unmanned aircraft vehicles. Despite the numerous benefits that these nations accrue from the use of un manned aerial vehicles, they always suffer some challenges. These, however, are the challenges that they anticipate in the future development of the industry legal, ethical and privacy challenges. From a personal perspective, legal challenges are hard to avoid, as these are dependent on the way the two nations interrelate. In an event where the two nations remain to be enemies, the invasion might prove very hard for the invasion, and this may trigger total war between the two countries. Despite this, nations should device very strong waves that can detect the action of the opponents without taking the aircraft physically to the location. Likewise, all sensors need to be very strong and upgraded for high sensing capability. Concerning the ethical challenges, nations should ensure that the citizens do not panic at the manufacture of the airlines. The panic may lead to a wrong judgment on the safety of the nations. This may jeopardize the lives of the citizens. In manufacturing these v ehicles, the nations should ensure a high degree of privacy and ensure the whole exercise remains classified. Biography ACS foundation., 2012. Australian Computer Society. Retrieved from http://www.acs.org.au/ Brown, C., 1993. Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives. London: Routledge. Cassidy, E. G. and McGrady, A. G., 2001. Media and the Marketplace: Ethical Perspectives.  New Jersey: Institute of Public Administration. DoD., 2009. In U.S. Department of Defense. (chap. Unmanned Aerial VehiUAV). Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/specials/uav2002/ Guardian News and Media Limited., 2012. Ministry of Defence plans new wave of unmanned  marine drones. Retrieved from the guardian : http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/02/ministry-defence-plans-unmanned-marine-drones?intcmp=239 Guardian News and Media Limited., 2012. Drones by country: who has all the UAVs? Retrieved from the guardian : http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2012/aug/03/drone-stocks-by-countr y?intcmp=239 Guardian News and Media Limited., 2012. The legal dilemma over drone strikes: justified  killings or war crimes? Retrieved from the guardian : http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/02/drone-strikes-thorny-legal-questions?INTCMP=SRCH Kamm, F. M., 2007. Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm. New York: Oxford University Press. Kjellberg, P. and Ivanhoe, P. J., 1996. Essays on Skepticism, Relativism and Ethics in the  Zhuangzi. London: SUNY Press. Pasztor, A. and Emshwiller, J., 2012. Drone Use Takes Off on the Home Front. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304331204577354331959335276.html Paul, E. F., Miller, F. and Paul, J., 2008. Objectivism, Subjectivism, and Relativism in Ethics:  Volume 25, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Raz, J., 2003. The Practice of Value. New York: Oxford University Press. Shafer-Landau, R., 2003. Moral Realism. A Defence. Oxford: Oxford Universi ty Press Inc.. Shah, P. Z., 2009. Pakistan Says U.S. Drone Kills 13. York Times, 12-15. Stahl, M. J. and Foreman, S. M., 2004. Ethical Perspectives: Sexual Boundary Issues and the  Chiropractic Paradigm. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Waller, B. N., 2005. Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. New York: Pearson Longman. This essay on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles was written and submitted by user Abby Hines to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.