Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Introduction The interest in the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), or better known as drones, has increased in the defense industry, particularly in military, where they are primarily designed for carrying various military operations. UAVs offer a more efficient and less risky way of carrying military operations when compared to the typical manned aircrafts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Department of Defense of the United States of America defined an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle as a powered aerial vehicle sustained in flight by aerodynamic lift over most of its flight path and guided without an onboard crew. The UAVs are operated by remote control devices in which the pilots and/or controllers are stationed on a ground, mainly in a military base. According to the arms control treaties, UAVs include aerodynamic drones and remotely controlled vehicles but excludes ballistic and semi-ballistic vehicles, artillery and cruise missiles that are viewed as nuclear delivery systems. Purpose Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance forms the core aspect of the use of UAVs due to its ability to endure longer loiter time, flexibility on positioning targets and the difficulty for opponents to detect the UAVs. The long endurance ability of the UAVs plays a vital role in surveillance. This increase the efficiency of the UAVs in intelligence gathering when compared to the manned platforms. According to Roland and R. John (2005), the roles of UAVs tend to vary depending on the sector and difficulty level of the military operations. They notes that there are two sectors of military operations. These are civilian and commercial sector. The UAVs employed in the civilian sector tend to focus on the aerial traffic monitoring, weather forecasting, communication relay, border management, maritime patrol, crime prevention, and various en vironmental monitoring such as bush fire. On the other hand, the commercial purposes of UAV include tasks such as agricultural and fisheries management, freight of goods, pipeline monitoring, and aerial photography. Advertising Looking for essay on air transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1.0 Attractive UAV Applications. Source: http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/34912/Weibel%20-%20ICAT%20Report%20-%20UAV%20Safety.pdf. The UAVs are also are employed in critical areas where minimal contact with friendly forces exists. With manned aircrafts, operating in an unfriendly territory increases the chances of fatal disasters. This introduces for creating highly advanced drones equipped with onboard cameras used to observe and relay various targets from the ground to the control room with high level of accuracy. This enables the control base stations to assess the targets and mitigate any damage that may occur in the course of operations. Figure 1.2 With the advancement in technology, the UAVs involvement in civil duties increases as the safety level for civilian use is ensured, as shown in Figure 1.2. The cost of running military operations is also reduced as most of the operations become automated while the need for technical support, for example, has been omitted. With all these in mind, UAV allows greater flexibility over flight control while enhancing its performance through enabling a series of military applications with improved signal and data processing, enhanced remote communication, and integrated avionics that serve UAV as a necessary option to air force. Small Picture Ethics Unmanned aerial vehicles require code of ethics in their operation. Specifically, people need to rate the popularity of the aircraft with reference to the accrued benefits they offer citizens and the nation as a whole. In this description, the author will use the Australian Computer Society code of ethics in explaining the ethics in relation to unmanned aerial vehicle.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Australian computer society is an association that includes professionals from information and communication technology department. The objective of the code of ethics is to make advancement in excellence for information and technology. Their other objective is to help in developing the resources of information and communication technology of the Australian nationalities. The code of ethics came into existence in the year 1966 from five state societies. The core and values of the code of ethics include priorities, competence, honesty, social implications, professional development and information technology profession (ACS foundation , 2012). The first value talks of priority. Under this value, an Australian must give the interest of his or her community a firs t place above the personal or sectional interest. The interest to give priority is the continuity of services of information technology and communication for the sake of safety. Unmanned aerial vehicle embraces this value through the advanced communication system through the remote sensing mechanism. Unmanned aerial vehicle has different remote sensing function, which include the electromagnetic spectrum, biological, gamma ray, and chemical sensors. All these sensors are very useful in the communication process. Likewise, they use high technology in delivering their communication signals. Accrediting the technological information used by the aircrafts attributes to the Australian code of ethics. The second value entails competence. Under this value, an Australian must work competently and diligently for others. This relates to the services that the aircraft provides for the Australian citizens. Unmanned aerial vehicle has a number of benefits that positively affect the lives of the Australian citizens. The most important benefit the aircraft gives is surveillance. Unmanned aerial vehicle has surveillance ability for livestock monitoring, mapping of the wildlife, provision of home and pipeline security, anti- piracy and road patrol. The competitive nature of the commercial, aerial surveillance gives the aircraft a wide range of benefits to the nation. The services the aircraft gives to the community bears weight that needs credit. The third value is honesty. Under this value, an Australian must embrace honesty as a moral in the presentation of skills and services. This relates to the services that the citizen will give to the nation. Likewise, one can examine the services provided by the unmanned aerial vehicle in terms of this value.Advertising Looking for essay on air transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Use of remote sensing gives accurate information to the militaries concerning the visual spectrum, detection of airborne presence and analysis of air concentration. Giving out correct information concerning the situation of the environment embraces the value of honesty (Brown, 1993). The fourth value is social implications. Under this value, an Australian has the work of striving hard with the intention of improving the quality of life of others affected by the field of work. People will always work with the goal of positively reaching out to the lives of other people. Likewise, unmanned aerial vehicle works with the intention of enhancing the quality of life of those affected by the work it provides. The aircraft main purpose is for defense and the military people use the machine to detect danger prior attacking a place. The service that the aircraft provides positively enhances the quality of life of the military. The fifth value is professional development. Under this value, an A ustralian has the mandate of striving with the aim of enhancing his or her own professional development and that of others. This will depend on self-confidence. Giving out a beneficial service will mean exploring the professionalism within an expert. The result will be a benefit to the third parties. Unmanned aerial vehicle works in a similar manner. Their function of scientific research enables the aircraft develops resistance through development using new technology. Likewise, the scientist gains the knowledge from the researched activity. The ability of the aircraft to penetrate through dangerous areas gives the scientist a knowhow on the undiscovered things. The last value is information technology profession. Under this value, the Australians have the authority to enhance the integrity of information technology profession with respect to their members. Individual do not work alone, but have to seek the assistance of other professionals. Unmanned aerial vehicle works with the sa me spirit. Considering that it lacks a pilot, the aircrafts depends on the control of a pilot located away from the structure. In this context, the machine has to get assistance from a pilot for it to give accurate information (Cassidy McGrady, 2001). Big Picture Ethics Ethical standpoint is a moral perception that people have on a certain culture. In this context, it represents the moral view that people will have on the unmanned aerial vehicles. People have a different perception regarding the benefits they get from the machine. This may vary with the regions keeping in mind that unmanned aerial vehicles are present in certain regions. Ethical standpoints are very critical in decision-making. They help individuals identify and define issues, while pressuring them to thinking in a systematic way. This means that they will have a chance to view various issues with different perspectives thereby providing a guideline for decision-making. Ethical standpoints exist in different types including ethical relativism, divine command theory, utilitarianism and deontology and virtue ethics. This segment will give the main differences among the five ethical standpoints with a little description of each (Kamm, 2007). Ethical Relativism Ethical relativism is an ethical standpoint, which asserts the non-existence of principles, which are universally valid. In this view, all the moral principles are valid relative to the preferences of different cultures. The society within the defined culture gives out rules, which serve as a standard measure of judgment. The individual within the society will have to respect the rules given by their culture and make use of them in the decision-making process. One advantage of this approach is the tolerance the standpoint brings of other cultures. The rules help in building the societies with the ways they perceive things thus preventing them from falling apart. However, most cultures, which use this ethical standpoint, lack dynamism. This means that their ways of decision-making as per their rules limits their exploration of the current ways, thereby confusing their perception of current deeds with what ought to be done (Kjellberg Ivanhoe, 1996). Devine Command Theory The second ethical standpoint is the divine command theory. Under this standpoint, the moral determinants are dependent on God, who is supreme. The people who follow this approach depend on the laws that God as the standards of decision-making. The act, which will obey the law of God, is right while the act, which disobeys the laws given by God, is wrong. They consider God to be a supreme being who knows it all. The benefit of this stance is the equality it brings to individuals. This means that all the individuals who trust in God will have to use the same approach in decision-making. However, this approach may not give a true, benefit to the individual as people arbitrarily depend on some interpretation that has no true divine authority (Paul, Mille r and Paul, 2008). Utilitarianism The third ethical standpoint is utilitarianism. Under this approach, individuals judge the action right or wrong depending on the consequences of the actions. In this context, the right actions represent those, which give the greatest balance of contentment over discontent. If the actions do not bring happiness, then the individual will not accept the activity. With this concern, individual happiness is equally significant. One benefit of this stance is that promotes the well-being of humans as it attempts to lessen the suffering they may encounter. The happiness encountered after the activity will help in making judgments. However, people have different preferences, and an individual’s good may happen to be another’s evil. This makes it hard to make precise prediction on the consequences; thus making collective judgment hard (Pasztor and Emshwiller, 2012). Deontology The fourth ethical standpoint is deontology. Under this stance, indi vidual emphasize on the moral rules and obligation. This means that judgment will be a collective opinion to the society. For instance, if people are not in agreement with the rule, then the imperative is not morally acceptable. This means that the collective opinion of the people does not permit the rule. Individual using this stance put emphasis on autonomy, justice and other acts that justifies the applicability of the rule. This rule is important as it gives an exceptional moral status for the society who embraces it. The rules, which appear to be applicable, end up being universally accepted. However, these rules do not give a clear definition of living things. Some rules may only benefit individuals at the expense of other living things; that is, the rules appear are abstract. Virtue Ethics The last ethical standpoint people use in making judgment is the virtue ethics. Under this approach, morals are considered internal. This method relies on the thinking capacity of people wi th intelligence capacity. Virtue ethics, as a way of making judgment, pursues the provision of good individuals who perform well out of impulsive goodness. The method gives emphasis on living well while achieving distinction. One advantage of this method is that it internalizes the moral behavior of an individual. A person will make a personal judgment internally to give an opinion of the activity, internally. However, this method does not offer guidance that is useful in resolving ethical dilemmas. This means that the judgment done internally will not be helpful in solving ethical dilemmas. Use of UAV in Relation to the Ethics Making a decision on the best activity is highly dependent on individual perspective and the ethical standpoint of the given culture. This will, give an impact on how the activity is beneficial to both the societal and individual level. Concerning the unmanned aerial vehicles, people have a different perception concerning their benefits to society. Their judg ments will also depend on the perspective of overall opinions, and this specifically depends on the accrual benefits to society. In describing the ethical stance of people, use of unmanned aerial vehicles will be the basement criteria. However, this depends on the approach they will use in making judgments. In this context, the author will discuss the current use of UAV in relation to deontology, relativism and ethical pluralism. Under deontology, individual emphasizes on moral rules and obligations. This means they have to get a general willingness of people for the rule to be permissible. Relating the above to the use of UAV, people will have to be conversant with how beneficial the aircraft is to the society. In making the judgment on this, an analyst will have to get the rating of the people to the new aircraft. This is dependent on different benefits that people consider as universally accepted. The first benefit that has a high rating is the remote sensing ability. The aircraf t has various remote sensing functions like electromagnetic sensors, gamma ray sensors, chemical sensors and biological sensors. Each part has distinct application that is very beneficial to different people. For the people in the defense department, electromagnetic spectrum is viable. This feature is good for detecting dangerous attacks as they contain visual spectrum with a connected radar system. Universal agreement on the use of radar in the defense department gives the aircraft a high rating. Likewise, the machine has biological sensors, which sense the presence of airborne microorganisms among other biological factors. This is very useful to the health of an individual. Similarly, the chemical sensor, which sues the laser spectroscopy in analyzing the concentration of an individual element in the air, helps in determining the safety of people. Considering that air is saturated with different elements, some may be harmful to the health of a person. Thus, by use of UAV, one can know the place to be without any harm. Considering the above advantages, the defense team and the biologists can enter a certain area after considering it safe for humans. The collective opinion of the defense team on the benefit of the aircraft allows the machine to operate, thereby making their judgments on deontology approach. Another way of making judgment relates to relativism approach. This approach, as explained earlier, operates on non-existence universally valid principles, but rather depends on the cultural tastes. In the current decade, technology happens to be a principle that people embrace. The innovations of many things that positively affect the lives of individuals make life easy to operate. This means that, an activity, which will appear to embrace current technology, will be of importance to the society (Shafer-Landau, 2003). With the struggle of many nations renovating their structures with relevance to new technology, UAV came out as a surprise to many nations. The ability of the aircraft in detecting a number of things prior invasions proves beneficial to the society, specifically the military department. The technology of using remote sensing in many activities guarantees the safety of people. The aircraft also, uses the latest technology of operation, that is, the pilot will not accompany the aircraft, but rather will use a remote control to navigate the aircraft. The main idea is to make a prior visit to ensure knowledge on the place prior attack. Likewise, the aircraft has the ability of searching and rescuing people without people personally going to the place. The technology used in making the aircraft predominantly assists the military people in their operations. For a country, which embraces technology, unmanned aerial vehicle is the best for their defense. As noted earlier, most nations currently embrace technology in everything they perform, and developed countries like China, America among others come up with innovations, which assist in various practices. As universally accepted by culture, technology is the way forward to make things easy, and with the innovation of the unmanned aerial vehicle, individuals will make their judgment using relativism approach, basing their decision on technological approach. The last way to make a judgment on unmanned aerial vehicle will be in relation to ethical pluralism. Ethical pluralism is a theory, which asserts that many principles of ethics exist. It is a theory of nature of values which humans follow, making up their moral lives. In this context, humans take the rule as it appears, and have no mandate of reducing the value of the rule. From the onset, most countries with unmanned aerial vehicle normally use the aircraft for fighting (Raz, 2003). This is evident from the structures incorporated to the aircraft, which the military uses for attacks, for instance, the Hellfire missile that the MQ-1 Predator UAV has. United States uses the aircraft for hitting ground t argets. The first use of armed predators was in 2001 during the war of Pakistan and Uzbekistan. Their main aim was to assassinate high profile people in Afghanistan. Additionally, the military used predator based UAV in killing al-Qaeda terrorists in Yemen in the year 2002. From the ethical definition, war is an activity that destabilizes the peace and safety of people within a region. The initiation of war within a community brings negative impacts to the development of the region; thus, people consider it as a bad moral. The notion that it is bad to harm, remains an unchanged rule that has value to the morals of people. This means that the human race will have no mandate of reducing this rule of harming people as a vice to a moral. With this context, any counterattack that assists in the prevention of harm in a community is considered safe. This means that, with the invention of unmanned aerial vehicle, human race have a reason to smile, as they have a guaranteed safety. Thus, wit h the benefit that the aircraft brings to the community, people will take the initiative of judging positively the existence of the aircraft. UAV design and development happens to be a worldwide concern with manufacturers moving across the globe. The first people to initiate this technology were United States and Israel. The main manufacturers of the industry are the Northrop Grumman and General Atomics. Ever since the development of the aircraft, different nation embrace the technology in their military. Nations in Australia also embrace the technology with major manufacturing companies located in different parts. As part of their activity, unmanned aerial vehicles gives intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition support for overland operations. Currently, the Australian army owns two tactical unmanned aerial vehicles (Shah, 2009). Future Use In the management of unmanned aircraft vehicles, nations have to develop unique features with recent technologies. Thi s will enable them have a first hand in attacking their enemies. As a point to consider, the nations have to interconnect with the best technological providers who will give directions on the current technology to use. The future of unmanned aerial vehicles remains to be wide as the expectation of nations is the growth of the industry by 2020. This follows rapid development of military, commercial and civil application of the product. In the same line, the National Airspace System will change distinctly for the next 16 years. The introduction of new technologies and procedures will trigger the change. Among the future changes, include the formation of a system that manages information exchange among users of air traffic management. Likewise, the industry wishes to introduce a 4-D navigation system that will boost the service quality. The industry also needs to come up with alternative separation procedures that will help in improving the services that the aircraft provides (Stahl an d Foreman, 2004). Among other futures that the industry wants to embark on include stratospheric telecommunication airship, high altitude imagery, border patrol, surveillance in maritime, improvement in the environmental sensing among others. In implementing this future development, the industry faces different challenges among being legal, ethical and private challenges. In developing the UAV in a complex unit, Australia among other internationals face legal problem. The main legal problem faced by the nations is the restriction of flight space as under different jurisdictions. Likewise, the flight areas are very small. This limits the unmanned aerial vehicles from entering the restricted areas. The restriction by the state of the region may hinder the operations of the military. Likewise, differences in states, which have a common goal of manufacturing the vehicle, may interfere with the operation of the opponents. This is quite common in jurisdictions, which are under surveillanc e of militia groups. Ethical of developing unmanned aerial vehicles continue to build positively. However, this may give a negative impression of the nation. A nation that specializes on manufacturing weapons remains to be a threat to other nations. Ethically, people may form a negative judgment upon the safety of the nation. Considering that countries in Australia, America among others continue to manufacture the aircraft with intended future development, they pose a threat to their own nation. This, ethically, may present a negative judgment towards the safety of a nation. Likewise, the opponents, who mainly are the terrorist, will continue to develop alternative means of counterattacking them, thereby rendering their technological improvements null and void. Despite the industry facing challenges from the legal and ethical sector, they also have privacy issues. As an industry that manufactures an aircraft used in the military action, the manufacturers should embrace high level of secrecy. The secrecy will have to be their strength in developing unique vehicles with certain features that will be used against their opponents. This may be a future challenge that these industries face, as workers are people one cannot trust. With the personal gain that an individual has, one can sell the secrecy of the company to an opponent thereby realizing the building block of the products. Handling matters with privacy is a big problem that requires attention. Nations should ensure that people working in the industry embrace the privacy of the company at any cost (Waller, 2005). Individual Opinion From a personal point of view, unmanned aerial vehicles are very important aircrafts, especially for the military groups. This represents the level of technology that people are adapting, from manual to automatic. Development in technology gives room for quality production of services and goods with fewer services. Focusing on the technological benefits of the aircrafts, defense department of the United States, Australia, among other nations have guaranteed their citizens safety. Likewise, the military, contrary to former aircraft that was manual, have protection from initial attacks from the opponents. The presence of sensor fusion, which combines information from different sensors, helps in making passing the message to the military on the condition of the opponents. The communication system, which coordinates to other agents in the of imperfect information channel, is exclusively clear. Additionally, the presence of trajectory generation, which determines the optimum control operation in a certain path, is a very important feature in military action. These among other benefits of the aircraft to people are an important factor that nations should embrace. As a nation that needs to guarantee her citizen safety, the government should consider deployment of unmanned aircraft vehicles. Despite the numerous benefits that these nations accrue from the use of un manned aerial vehicles, they always suffer some challenges. These, however, are the challenges that they anticipate in the future development of the industry legal, ethical and privacy challenges. From a personal perspective, legal challenges are hard to avoid, as these are dependent on the way the two nations interrelate. In an event where the two nations remain to be enemies, the invasion might prove very hard for the invasion, and this may trigger total war between the two countries. Despite this, nations should device very strong waves that can detect the action of the opponents without taking the aircraft physically to the location. Likewise, all sensors need to be very strong and upgraded for high sensing capability. Concerning the ethical challenges, nations should ensure that the citizens do not panic at the manufacture of the airlines. The panic may lead to a wrong judgment on the safety of the nations. This may jeopardize the lives of the citizens. In manufacturing these v ehicles, the nations should ensure a high degree of privacy and ensure the whole exercise remains classified. Biography ACS foundation., 2012. Australian Computer Society. Retrieved from http://www.acs.org.au/ Brown, C., 1993. Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives. London: Routledge. Cassidy, E. G. and McGrady, A. G., 2001. Media and the Marketplace: Ethical Perspectives.  New Jersey: Institute of Public Administration. DoD., 2009. In U.S. Department of Defense. (chap. Unmanned Aerial VehiUAV). Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/specials/uav2002/ Guardian News and Media Limited., 2012. Ministry of Defence plans new wave of unmanned  marine drones. Retrieved from the guardian : http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/02/ministry-defence-plans-unmanned-marine-drones?intcmp=239 Guardian News and Media Limited., 2012. Drones by country: who has all the UAVs? Retrieved from the guardian : http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2012/aug/03/drone-stocks-by-countr y?intcmp=239 Guardian News and Media Limited., 2012. The legal dilemma over drone strikes: justified  killings or war crimes? Retrieved from the guardian : http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/02/drone-strikes-thorny-legal-questions?INTCMP=SRCH Kamm, F. M., 2007. Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm. New York: Oxford University Press. Kjellberg, P. and Ivanhoe, P. J., 1996. Essays on Skepticism, Relativism and Ethics in the  Zhuangzi. London: SUNY Press. Pasztor, A. and Emshwiller, J., 2012. Drone Use Takes Off on the Home Front. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304331204577354331959335276.html Paul, E. F., Miller, F. and Paul, J., 2008. Objectivism, Subjectivism, and Relativism in Ethics:  Volume 25, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Raz, J., 2003. The Practice of Value. New York: Oxford University Press. Shafer-Landau, R., 2003. Moral Realism. A Defence. Oxford: Oxford Universi ty Press Inc.. Shah, P. Z., 2009. Pakistan Says U.S. Drone Kills 13. York Times, 12-15. Stahl, M. J. and Foreman, S. M., 2004. Ethical Perspectives: Sexual Boundary Issues and the  Chiropractic Paradigm. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Waller, B. N., 2005. Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. New York: Pearson Longman. This essay on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles was written and submitted by user Abby Hines to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

12 Angry Men The Image of American Democracy with Its Flaws

12 Angry Men The Image of American Democracy with Its Flaws â€Å"12 Angry Men† is an unequaled masterpiece of American literature, which serves to unfold the poignant matters of the legal system, justice, and democracy as it is. â€Å"12 Angry Men† is a gorgeous image of the American democracy in action. Deep inside the play holds a profound patriotic credence in the legal system  in general. This dramatical piece concerns the deliberations of the jury of a homicide trial, centering on Juror Eight, who was the only hanger-back in the whole guilty vote. He didn’t want to prove that others were wrong, he wanted them to look at the situation without personal prejudices or inclinations. Reginald Rose, the author of the play, deliberately uncovers the true men’s faces to see the full picture of America itself. Democracy in Action Abraham Lincoln once said that democracy is the government â€Å"of the people, by the people, and for the people†, and â€Å"12 Angry Men† is the effort to remind about our responsibilities. The democracy will work flawlessly when we honestly carry out our duties when we try to understand each other and stay consolidated, otherwise, the nation will fall. Eventually, the whole point of the jury’s deliberation was not about declaring the accused one guilty or innocent, but about the ability of all those absolutely different 12 men to figure out how to cooperate and make a resolution. WHY DIVERSE TEAMS ARE MORE SUCCESSFUL? The play uses not-using-name approach, addressing to each man as his juror number. This concept totally justifies itself, because such an anonymity makes this drama germane for anyone anywhere in America. The overall situation intends to make a disturbing social comment on the whole legal system of the country and the way prejudices influence it. Justice vs. Prejudice Each juror described in the play wants the verdict to be fair, but the problem is that everyone sees justice in a different light and there is no unique definition of it among the jurors. Juror Eight seeks to remind that when talking about JUSTICE, our desires, passions, backgrounds and failings do not count. This thought made everyone doubt about their personal definition of fairness and look for the right one. Cindy Coffey, an American history blogger, makes such a point: â€Å"This play becomes a public service announcement of sorts in reminding the public that our democratic system renders someone innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and the civic responsibilities of American citizens should be taken seriously as a right and an honor of being a member of that democratic society.† The United States Constitution, the art of compromise in the modern world, has a principle of an equitable doubt, which means that a defendant is considered to be innocent until proven guilty. This is one of the most enlightened parts of the document, still, some Americans do not understand it as intended. It is just inappropriate to accept blindly the testimony, without any pursuit to figure it out. Doubt – is a powerful thing sometimes. For the Sake of the Country In the play, we distinctly see, that jurors have different and totally unacceptable reasons to convict the accused. While Juror Eight tries to start a serious dialogue about the fate of the accused, others play Tic Tac Toe or just want to leave for Yankees game, another one gets over the flu etc. Is this the design of democracy as we want to see it? Is it really an effective system, when everyone seems to be so indifferent and unenthusiastic about the treatment the accused and so the whole judicial system? The lack of seriousness makes it pointless. Moreover, convicting someone in the terrible crime  due to their social class and/or the race makes it worthless. The democracy is about the collective sense of civic responsibility and duty as the key to justice within the society. The final shot of the film, describing Juror Eight and Juror Nine shaking their hands and introducing themselves, admits the fact, that the men overcame themselves as individuals in the courthouse in order to become unified about the choice they had to make, the decision they were responsible for and the fate of the person they governed. â€Å"12 Angry Men† is an unequaled masterpiece of American literature, which serves to unfold the poignant matters of the legal system, justice, and democracy as it is. Our duty is to be responsible to the society and to ourselves first of all for the way we act, the way we think and the way we govern our country.

The Basics of String Theory

The Basics of String Theory String theory is a mathematical theory that tries to explain certain phenomena which is not currently explainable under the standard model of quantum physics. The Basics of String Theory At its core, string theory uses a model of one-dimensional strings in place of the particles of quantum physics. These strings, the size of the Planck length (10-35 m), vibrate at specific resonant frequencies. Some recent versions of string theory have predicted that the strings could have a longer length, up to nearly a millimeter in size, which would mean theyre in the realm that experiments could detect them. The formulas that result from string theory predict more than four dimensions (10 or 11 in the most common variants, though one version requires 26 dimensions), but the extra dimensions are curled up within the Planck length. In addition to the strings, string theory contains another type of fundamental object called a brane, which can have many more dimensions. In some braneworld scenarios, our universe is actually stuck inside of a 3-dimensional brane (called a 3-brane). String theory was initially developed in the 1970s in an attempt to explain some inconsistencies with the energy behavior of hadrons and other fundamental particles of physics. As with much of quantum physics, the mathematics that apply to string theory cannot be uniquely solved. Physicists must apply perturbation theory to obtain a series of approximated solutions. Such solutions, of course, include assumptions which may or may not be true. The driving hope behind this work is that it will result in a theory of everything, including a solution to the problem of quantum gravity, and to reconcile quantum physics with general relativity, thus reconciling the fundamental forces of physics. Variants of String Theory The original string theory focused only on boson particles. Superstring theory (short for supersymmetric string theory) incorporates bosons with another particle, fermions, as well as supersymmetry to model gravity. There are five independent superstring theories: Type 1Type IIAType IIBType HOType HE M-Theory: A superstring theory, proposed in 1995, which attempts to consolidate the Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB, Type HO, and Type HE models as variants of the same fundamental physical model. One consequence of the research in string theory is the realization that there is an immense number of possible theories that could be constructed, leading some to question whether this approach will ever actually develop the theory of everything that many researchers originally hoped. Instead, many researchers have adopted a view that they are describing a vast string theory landscape of possible theoretical structures, many of which do not actually describe our universe. Research in String Theory At present, string theory has not successfully made any prediction which is not also explained through an alternative theory. It is neither specifically proven nor falsified, though it has mathematical features which give it great appeal to many physicists. A number of proposed experiments might have the possibility of displaying string effects. The energy required for many such experiments is not currently obtainable, although some are in the realm of possibility in the near future, such as possible observations from black holes. Only time will tell if string theory will be able to take a dominant place in science, beyond inspiring the hearts and minds of many physicists.

Analyzing an Art Work by Lisa Holzer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing an Art Work by Lisa Holzer - Essay Example The essay "Analyzing an Art Work by Lisa Holzer" explores Lisa Holzer's artwork. Lisa Holzer is no exception to this demonstration made by the artists at the New Museum. As an artist, Lisa appears to have shifted to a digital aesthetic, blending text, photographs and digital mark making and layered allusive compositions. Rather than retrospective, the predictive Triennial model makes a thirty-five-year commitment to exploring the future of our cultures through the modern art. The third iteration of the Triennial, ‘Surround Audience' was co-curated by Lauren Cornell, a curator of the New Museum and artist Ryan Trecartin. The objective of Surround Audience is to make an exploration of the much-connected world in the art form, identity, the sense of self and the larger social role. The culture in our today’s world has become more porous. A new consideration of the current and potential role of art in the porous culture is surfacing. Artists have made efforts to respond to t he change in culture in different ways, some through critical interrogations, calculated appropriations and others poetic or surreal statements. Artists, their artwork and the audience may be thought of as being subjective, cultural, structural or postmodern. Under the personal category, artists can be thought of as naturally talented or emotionally compelled individuals with intentions that are significantly influenced by the free play of the imagination. Artists under the structural category know and make use of formalist language.

Cautions or Adverse Effects of Massage Assignment

Cautions or Adverse Effects of Massage - Assignment Example 3). The inspiration of the nursing profession, Florence Nightingale, had stressed the importance of creating an environment that supports healing and noted that in such an environment supportive to healing, complementary therapies like music perform an important role (Snyder, 2006, p. 8). Complementary therapies are important for holistic nursing. This is because holistic nursing considers the individual’s interior, collective interior and collective exterior (Dossey, 2009, p. 4). Snyder and Lindquist’s (2010) list of complementary therapies include massage. Citing several sources, Snyder and Taniguki (2010, p.337) identified massage therapy as â€Å"one of the most widely used complementary therapies and has been a part of the nurse’s armamentarium for centuries.† In many cases, â€Å"massage is combined with other therapies, such as music, aromatherapy, acupressure, or light touch† that it has become difficult to separate the effects of the benefi cial specific effects of massage from those of the other therapies (Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, p. 337). However, several studies have reported that massage has beneficial effects for relaxation, improving sleep, and minimizing pain (Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, p. 337). Based on at least two sources, the term â€Å"massage† was derived from an Arabic word that means â€Å"to press gently† (Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, p. 337). However, the term â€Å"massage† was defined by American Massage Therapy Association as â€Å"the application of manual techniques and adjunctive therapies with the intention of positively affecting the health and well-being of the client† (Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, pp. 337-338). Snyder and Taniguki emphasized that there is a scientific evidence for the view that massage therapy works. One study indicated that massage promotes relaxation and pain reduction, and stimulates the mechanoreceptors that activate the nonpainful nerve fibers ( Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, p. 338). Thus, based on the study, Snyder and Taniguki asserted that massage prevents pain transmission from reaching the consciousness. Studies also suggested that massage can affect the psychoneuroimmunological functions of the mind and body (Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, p. 338). Although anecdotal, there are indications that massage produces positive results in persons afflicted with HIV (Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, p. 339). A study also pointed out that massage is used to decrease aggressive behavior, improve sleep, facilitate communication, improve patient mobility, increase body weights, and increase psychological well-being (Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, p. 344). In practice, nurses explain to a patient the basis why massage therapy has to be used, assess a patient’s history, and secure the consent of a patient (Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, p. 343). Snyder and Taniguki (2010, p. 343) stressed that it is important to find out a patient’s overal l response to touch because some people are adverse to touch as a result of negative experience. Others are also hypersensitive to touch and this matter must be factored in by a nurse (Snyder and Taniguki, 2010, p. 343). In overcoming the situation, Snyder and Tanigu

Gasoline Dependence Essays -- Environment, Carbon Emissions

For over 100 years, the automobile industry has relied on gasoline as its main source of fuel. Gasoline is a colorless, highly flammable substance used in internal combustion engines. It is a fossil fuel made from crude oil, a natural gas formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals (Webster‘s Dictionary). Gasoline has positively influenced our way of life by providing convenient, on demand transportation. It has created a global economy that moves people and goods faster and more easily than ever imagined (Povey 12). Although a seemingly perfect substance, it has unprecedented flaws. The tremendous political, environmental, and economic problems resultant from the excessive use of gasoline leads to the conclusion that the automobile industry should not continue to rely on this source of fuel. Environmental Risks When the problems with gasoline use are considered, the catastrophic environmental effects are the primary concern. Automobile use consumes 70 percent of the United States oil supply and is responsible for one-third of the nation’s carbon emissions (Lovins 173). This results in pollution, global warming, and health problems for the people, plants, and animals. The search for alternative fuel is powered by the increasingly evident environmental problems and long-term health of the planet (Povey 17). Fortunately, reducing emissions globally is predicted to have a positive effect and offset previous harms (Backer). As years pass and demand for gasoline increases, it is inevitable that the world’s oil supply will not last forever. This idea is made increasingly clear by evidence of peaking. Peak production is the point in time when about one-half of the world’s oil supply will be gone. Oil production in a given ... ...Africa, simply to ensure a steady supply of oil for America. Finding an alternative fuel would be much safer, and much less expensive. Alternative fuels also do not fund a war against America. By paying for such large amounts of oil, America is funding both sides of the Islamic war; Middle East countries use American money to fight (Hobson). Alternative fuels allow America to keep to themselves and avoid conflict. Gasoline is thought to be a helpful substance to all countries worldwide. However, the negative effects are far greater than the positive. A diversity of clean fuels is vital for the political, environmental, and economic health of America. Although gasoline is a product depended on by the United States of America and many other countries, the negative effects are unbearable, dangerous, and unnecessary due to the opportunity to use alternative fuels.

Causes of Absenteeism

Hb1 Causes of absenteeism Although patterns of chronic absenteeism vary, the most common pattern is for a student to miss a few days of school each week. The student's excuses may or may not have to do with an illness. An absentee problem should be considered chronic when it is not always related to a specific illness and involves an average of two days or more per month. Once cause of chronic absenteeism is a lack of initiative on the part of the parents. It's not uncommon to find children absent from school because their parents did not get them up and out the door. In some cases, children may be kept home to take care of a parent or sibling who is not feeling well. Chronic absenteeism is often a family problem. When one child is absent, so are his or her brothers and sisters. Chronic absenteeism can also occur if parents are easily fooled into thinking the student is sick. Some parents are unable to determine whether their child is sick or not and, therefore, let the child stay home at the slightest complaint. Staying home and watching TV can be very reinforcing to some students. Chronic absenteeism may also occur if the classroom atmosphere is not reinforcing or is threatening to the child. If the student is nervous or anxious about the classroom, he or she may try to avoid coming to school. This factor is usually combined with one of the other causes discussed above. Sometimes, the very young child will use illness as a means of avoiding what he or she thinks may be a new and frightening experience. The Plan: Step 1: Follow all of the procedures for handling absenteeism that are outlined by your district. All of the procedures discussed in this solution section should be implemented in addition to, rather than in place of, the procedures specified by your school's administration. Step 2: Discuss the problem with the school or district nurse. If you are uncertain whether the student actually has health problems, arrange for a physical. (Make sure that you follow distinct guidelines in making arrangements for a physical examination. ) Request the school nurse or physician to give the parents some guidelines for evaluating whether the student has an illness that justifies being absent from school as often as has been the case. Step 3: Discuss the problem with the student's parents. Be sure to provide them with a record of their child's absences. Parents often have no idea how frequently their child has missed school. Let them know that you only wish to help and that you share their concern for their child's welfare in school. Determine whether the student's problem is the result of the parents not being able to tell whether the child is fooling them. Point out that it's sometimes difficult to tell whether someone is sick fist thing in the morning. If the parents have discussed the problem with a nurse or doctor, suggest that they follow the guidelines that were given to them by the professional. Tell the parents that it's fine to send the child to school when they are unsure about health complaints. Reassure them that you will send the child home if he or she is actually sick. In addition, you can suggest to the parent that if the child is kept at home, he should be kept in bed all day. Reinforce the idea that sick time requires rest time. (Sometimes the child will learn to determine whether he is sick or not with this procedure alone. ) Determine whether the student's problem is the result of parents not caring whether the child is in school. If so, be understanding of the parents. They may have had negative experiences in school. Let them know that you are there to help their child learn but that you cannot be effective unless the child is in school. Some parents may assume that the elementary school day is composed mostly of play. Let the parents know that this is not the case and that what the student learns each day and each year in school will help determine his or her future success. Sometimes just knowing you care will make a difference in the parents' attitude. If the child's attendance improves, be sure to follow up with periodic notes or phone calls to the parents to voice your appreciation to their assistance. Step 4: Discuss the problem with the student. Be very frank with the student about the severity of the problem. Show the student his or her attendance records. Let the student know that continued absences will make it more and more difficult for him or her to keep up with the other students. If the student can't tell how he or she feels in the morning, tell the student to come to school anyway. Tell the student that you will send the student home if he or she is really sick. If the student is chronically absent because the parents do not bother getting him or her up and ready, discuss ways the student can do this for himself or herself. Consider having the student do some work around the school to earn an alarm clock. (Check with your principal to see whether there is money available for purchasing a clock. ) Work with the student on how to get up and get ready for school. (This will be a time-consuming procedure for you, especially if the student is young. So don't do this step unless you think you can motivate the student to make the effort. ) Be sure to greet the student warmly each morning that he or she comes to school. Step 5: Make your classroom a positive and exciting place to be. Reassure the student that the student has a secure place in your class and that you like having him or her there. When the student is in class, keep the student active and challenged so that he or she will not want to miss something by not being there. An increase in positive interactions will do much to improve the environment in your classroom. Step 6: If you've followed district procedure and all of the steps that are suggested in this solution sheet but without success, do the best job you can with the student when he or she is there. Try not to worry about the problem, and don't feel guilty. When you've done everything in your power to get the student to school, don't blame yourself if the problem persists. Keep yourself open to the possibility of other solutions, but don't let the problem interfere with your effectiveness with the students who are in school everyday Hb2 Chronic absenteeism of young students often overlooked This term refers to truants, but also includes students in the elementary grades who have excused absences due to illness, family problems, or other reasons. The National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) defines a chronically absent student as one who misses 10 percent or more of the school year, regardless of whether an absence is excused or not. Many causes The NCCP cites a number of factors that can contribute to high levels of absenteeism among young children, including poor communication with parents, insufficient monitoring of attendance, high mobility, parents who don’t value education or feel welcome in school, poverty, and high levels of violence in the community. A recent report by the Open Society Institute-Baltimore, Missing School: The Epidemic of School Absence, notes that people tend to blame individuals — â€Å"neglectful parents and/or lazy, undisciplined youths† — when students don’t attend school. But it found school district policies have also â€Å"contributed unintentionally to the wide-spread problem of poor school attendance in Baltimore,† where 34 percent of elementary students and 44 percent of high school students were chronically absent in 2006-07 school year. These include weak and indifferent attendance policies and practices, including lack of follow-up with parents. And because frequently absent students tend to have low academic performance, the exclusive use of standardized test scores to measure school effectiveness offers schools little incentive for encouraging attendance. Hb3 Student Absenteeism – What’s the Problem – and  the  Answer? Student absenteeism is a serious issue in public education. Concerted efforts have been expended aimed at engaging students and promoting active learning, but schools are still full of   â€Å"clock-watchers†Ã‚   Many high schoolers regularly skip classes and, according to some inside reports, â€Å"the hallways are virtually empty some Friday afternoons. What’s my initial response? When confronted with a growing problem of absenteeism, Nova Scotia Education seems to be considering â€Å"compulsory engagement† until age 18. With 7. 4% of students missing 20% or more of classes and 45% absent for 10% of their classes, it’s a deeply entrenched problem. Fi rst came the carrot ( the elementary level behaviour modification (PEBS) program   and high school exam exemptions), now we seem to be resorting to the stick ( compulsory schooling to 18). What does the education research say? Student engagement is clearly more important than attending and simply occupying classroom seats. Canada’s largest national school survey,  Tell Them from Me, provided a clearer sense of the problem and identified the factors contributing to â€Å"a sense of belonging at school. †Ã‚   â€Å"Improving school and classroom climate† are key to â€Å"increasing engagement,† says CRISP Director Douglas Willms (MASS Journal,Fall 2008). Leading American expert, Deborah Meier (2002), sees school size as a critical factor — the smaller the school, the more likely students are to feel a sense of   attachment; the larger the school, the greater the potential for standardization, alienation and absenteeism. Hb4 Health woes cause drop-out, absenteeism – DepEd study Health problems are the leading causes of drop-out and absenteeism among public school students today, according to the Nationwide Oral Health Survey (NOHS), a study conducted by the Department of Education (DepEd), citing that of all health-related infliction, 97 percent involves tooth decay. In order to reduce school drop-out and absenteeism, DepEd intensifies its Essential Health Care Program (EHCP) and targets the leading cause of absenteeism by promoting proper oral care habits among students. The EHCP is a school-based program of DepEd and allocates simple and doable programs like daily hand washing, tooth brushing, bi-annual de-worming, among others. We hope to improve students’ health thus also upgrade their academic performance,† Education Undersecretary for Programs and Projects Vilma Labrador said. Together with Lamoiyan Corporation and Philippine Dental Association (PDA), DepED launched the Happ y Smiles for Healthy Kids project Wednesday, targeting thousands of preschool pupils nationwide. The special project falls under the education department’s EHCP. The launch was held at Bagong Ilog Elementary School in Pasig City. The project will provide each pupil with one soap and one toothbrush and access to toothpaste, which will be provided by Lamoiyan Corporation. Each package costs P25. 00 per child for the entire school year. PDA, on the other hand, will also provide oral education and oral examination to 86 different schools nationwide. PDA is composed of 156 licensed dentists involved in the development of workable oral health programs in public elementary schools and communities. Most importantly, DepEd along with their partners urged teachers to lead its students in practicing proper hygiene. â€Å"Teachers have the responsibility, not only in developing their students’ minds but also good habits especially oral care,† Lamoiyan Corporation president and CEO Cecilio Pedro said. Hb5 Hb6 Student’s excessive absenteeism should have prompted action by the school district to respond to attendance issues. Springfield School Committee v. Doe, 53 IDELR 158 (D. Mass. 009): A school district has an affirmative duty to take responsive action to a student’s chronic absenteeism, even when there is no â€Å"particularized showing of lack of progress or loss of education benefit attributable to [the school district’s] failure to respond† to the student’s absenteeism. In this case, the student had cognitive, attention, and behavioral issues (plus a history of poor attendance) and was absent in excess of thirty-two (32) days ov er a period of just two months. Also, one of the goals of the student’s IEP was to improve his handling of school responsibilities, which was â€Å"grounded in† the student’s â€Å"often being late and walking out of class, among other serious performance problems. † Although there was no specific indication of any loss of educational benefit due to this chronic absenteeism, there was also no indication that a representative from the school’s Educational Team contacted the student or his guardian to determine the cause of the student’s absences. This failure was â€Å"reason enough for the hearing officer to conclude that he had been denied a FAPE.    The Court noted that â€Å"for the hearing officer to have found otherwise† in light of such circumstances, it â€Å"would only encourage school districts to ignore such problems in the hope that no lasting damage will ensue. † Notably, the Court stated that it would not establish a set number of days of absen ce or truancy that would trigger a school district’s obligation to determine how to provide a FAPE. Rather, â€Å"each student’s case must turn on its own facts. † Hb7 The Effects of Excessive Absenteeism in Schools Students who skip school a lot miss out on the opportunity to gain a quality education, while teachers who are often absence may hurt the students' chances by weakening the school's ability to function. Students without adequate parental supervision may skip school to escape the boredom or cope with depression, according to author Linda L. Williams. Others stay away from class because of feelings of disconnectedness and inadequacy. Disconnected to School * Students who are frequently absent from school have more difficulty forming relationships and participating in school activities. Students with excessive absences may feel disconnected from academics and believe that the lessons are not relevant to their lives. They may spend less time in extracurricular activities, which reduces their chances to discover their passion, gain recognition for their talent and develop their skills outside the classroom. Disconnected student lack accountability which can lead to behavioral issues and poor academic achievement. Teachers who are frequently absent may not be able to bond with students. As a result students are more likely to disregard lessons and take school less seriously. Compromised Learning * Excessive absences create gaps in the student's education. Lesson plans are designed to prepare students for the next lesson. However if the student is not present in the classroom for the teacher to help them, the student has a higher chance of being left behind. Due to frequent absences, students may forget the previous lessons which results academic insecurity. Students may be doubt their ability to excel academically and stop putting in the effort to achieve high grades. If teachers have excessive absences, the learning process of the students becomes disrupted. Instead of challenging lessons, students are given busy work from less qualified substitute teachers. Lack of Positive Social Support * Constructive support from teachers and peers can boost a student's confidence in academics and encourage her to work towards academic success. Many students with excessive absences are dealing with difficult financial, health or family situations. However, without the chance to gain support from teachers, the student may not receive the extra attention she needs. Students who are exposed to negative attitudes about school will not have to chance to befriend students that excel academically. Teachers who are frequently absent are less able to join a strong network of teachers and gain the support of administration. This can lead to further clashes, organizational issues, conflicts and divisions within the school. Strained School Budgets * Student and teacher absences put a heavy burden on the school budget. Money that could be invested in field trips, technology and extracurricular activities are instead wasted on the cost of absences. Research in 1998 by PhoneMaster systems found that Oakland (CA) Unified School District suffered a loss of $4 million from student absences. Raegan Miller, researcher for American Progress, revealed that teacher absences cost the nation $4 billion in â€Å"Tales of Teacher Absence. † Removal from School * Chronic absenteeism can often result in the student getting expelled, especially if the student has behavioral issues and extremely low grades. Students who are disconnected from school are less likely to be aware of the attendance policy. This increases the chances of them being expelled from school. To reduce the budget strain and improve the quality of education, teachers with excessive absenteeism are targeted for removal. Many schools are feeling pressure from officials to reduce budget costs by enforcing attendance. As a result frequently absent teachers are vulnerable to lay offs and dismissals. Hb8 Absebteeism and Lateness Among Secondary School Students in Nigeria:Profiling Causes and Solution Introduction Absenteeism is major and continuous administrative problem among secondary school students in developing countries. Since the problem is to 70% student home based, there is need for the student/parent to help identify and proffer solutions to this quality disturbing problems that could lead to students’ dropout from school. Ubogu (2004:25) identified illness, permitted leave, voluntary absenteeism, as common forms of absenteeism. Identified causes of absenteeism include: illness, financial hardship, age, social class, geographical area, truancy and institutional influence. School related factors, such as; teachers’ attitude, poor administration, high cost of education, illness due to weather condition such as cold, temperature rey days causes absenteeism among students. Harsh school rules and regulations could cause absenteeism i. e. corporal punishment; families where children prepare themselves for school and parent to work. Truancy among students is caused by school-related reasons. Bullied by school staff, boredom, dislike of teachers and avoidance of tests. These are without par ents’ knowledge (Susan Kirk 2003). School authorities authorized absence for ailments, medical and death in the family. Parent particularly in rural areas keep their children at home for domestic activities on market and community festival days . In crises areas, student absence from school for safety reasons. Unaccepted absence had a negative effect on peer relationship, which could cause absence. According to Malcolm, Wilson, Davidson and Kirk (2003) teachers identified effects of absenteeism on children are; academic underachievement which increases costs and wastage, difficulty in making friends which could lead to boredom, loss of confidence and engagement in premature sexual activity which could lead to pregnancy resulting in dropout and stress among young careers. The society suffers as the children of school age hang around in the streets, intimidating other people and stealing properties of those who are in school and other place of work. Absenteeism and lateness could be reduced by providing; free education, counseling, discipline relevant curriculum and social welfare seminal to students’ . The use of electronic registration systems, truancy sweeps, contact with parents, and support for pupils with poor attendance and effective school administration by principals. Davidson et al 2003) (Ubogun 2004: 160). Absenteeism could results into poor academic achievement, lost of friends and partners, disruption in class when absentees return affect the behavior of other students, difficulty in keeping accurate records, reduced ability to meet instructional targets and damaged school reputation. For school community positive relationship to commune in the administration of secondary schools, there is need to identify causes of absenteeism and lateness among secondary schools in Nigeria (Oghuvbu 2002). Discussion The study revealed poor condition of health, lack of transportation parent poor financial condition, inability of parent to provide instructional materials and teachers non-commitment to the teaching of their subjects as causes of absenteeism. Going late to bed because of watching films and home movies, resulting into wake up late in the morning, distance to school and keeping friends who are not students are causes of lateness among secondary school students in Nigeria. These findings are consistent with those of Ubogu (2004), Heather Malcolm, Valerie Wilson, Julia Davidson and Susan Kirk (2003). Identified solutions to the causes of absenteeism and lateness were teachers should be punctual and regular in school, activities of Senior and Junior students should be supervised by teachers, parents should check their children in school regularly, library faculties should be provided in school to engage students during their free periods and punishment should be given to students involved in continuous absenteeism and lateness by school administrators. The result of this study showed that both the school authority and parents are involved in the factor that generatesabsenteeism and lateness among students. There is no significant difference between the views of principals, teachers, parents and students in the identified causes and possible solutions to the problems of absenteeism and lateness among secondary school students in Nigeria as revealed in this study. Also the causes of absenteeism are not significantly related to causes of lateness. The study revealed that only 2. 4% of the causes of lateness influences absenteeism that is students are not absent from school because of distance wake up late or keeping friends who are not students. However, poor parent financial status could result to lateness and absenteeism. The finding of this study could help reduce the problems of absenteeism and lateness since the four groups involved in the creation, management and control of these problems have no significant difference in the id entification of causes and possible solutions to these structural quality and societal disturbing problem, which affects the educational system in Nigeria. Hb9 Hb10